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Nellie Bly and the 19th Century Asylum

August 30, 2018 by Cynthia Ripley Miller 3 Comments

With the August heat upon us, this month’s guest on Historical Authors Across Time is Emma Rose Millar, writing about mental health in the 19th century and the famous Nellie Bly.

The Victorian Asylum

Blackwell’s Island Insane Asylum

Novel reading, nymphomania, bad habits: just some of the numerous reasons a nineteenth-century woman could find herself locked up in a lunatic asylum. Hailed by some as safe-havens for society’s supposedly most vulnerable men and women, asylums often impressed public officials with their majestic architecture and extensive grounds. However, behind closed doors, they were places of fear – dehumanising, prison-like institutions, where restraint and physical punishment were commonplace. They became yet another tool by which husbands and fathers could control their “unruly” wives and daughters.

But for one woman, investigative journalist, Elizabeth Jane Cochran – better known as Nellie Bly, the locks, bolts and seemingly impenetrable walls were no barrier to the truth.

Nellie Bly

Who was Nellie Bly?

Nellie Bly was born in 1864 in Cochran’s Mills, Pennsylvania, where her father was a mill owner and county judge. After her father died, her mother married a new husband, John Jackson Ford. Ford was violent and abusive, and in 1878, Nellie’s mother was forced to go through the brutal process of divorce, leaving herself and the family in great financial difficulty.

In 1887, Nellie arrived in New York. After four months of rejection, and almost penniless, she managed to talk her way into the office of Joseph Pulitzer, managing editor of The New York World. Pulitzer hired her, seeing her as fitting into his campaign to “expose all fraud and sham, fight all public evil and abuses,” part of the reformist trend in newspapers of that time.

Ten Days in a Madhouse  

For her first story, Nellie was to go undercover as a patient in the notorious Blackwell’s Island Insane Asylum and report first-hand on conditions there.

She first went to a temporary home for females at 84, Second Avenue, where she rented a room, and adopted a vague, anxious air, telling the owner that she was afraid of all the women there – they all looked crazy to her. She stayed awake all night, refusing to sleep in case one of the other residents should murder her. Nellie found it surprisingly easy to convince the women at the home that she was insane. No violence was committed: she only wanted to give the appearance of being scared and alone. The police were called, and from there, she was taken to court, sent to the insane ward at Bellevue Hospital, and finally boarded a ferry, full of unwashed, bewildered women, bound for Blackwell’s Island.

Nothing could have prepared her for conditions there: freezing cold beds with pillows stuffed with straw, women locked away ten to a room, with no means of escape should a fire break out. The most vulnerable patients were tied together with rope and belts, screaming for the keepers to let them go. She endured meagre food rations and degrading washing regimes.

“Rub, rub, rub, went the old woman… My teeth chattered and my limbs were goose-fleshed and blue with cold. Suddenly I got, one after the other, three buckets of water over my head–ice-cold water, too–into my eyes, my ears, my nose and my mouth. I think I experienced some of the sensations of a drowning person as they dragged me, gasping, shivering and quaking, from the tub.” (Nellie Bly, Ten Days in a Madhouse)

She noted the stench, keepers tormenting and laughing at elderly and infirm patients, being forced to sit on straight-backed benches for fourteen hours at a time, and not being allowed to talk or move, young women being slapped about the face and receiving “knocks to the head.” Walking towards the gallows, she said, would be easier than walking into this, “living tomb of horrors.” During her time there, Nellie made the acquaintance of around forty-five other women, and spoke to many of them about their stories, so that she might recount them later.

Throughout her stay, she behaved in a sane manner, repeatedly protesting to doctors that she was not mad, and should therefore be released. They refused to listen.

“There are sixteen doctors on this island, and excepting two, I have never seen them pay any attention to the patients. How can a doctor judge a woman’s sanity by merely bidding her good morning and refusing to hear her pleas for release? Even the sick ones know it is useless to say anything, for the answer will be that it is their imagination.” (Nellie Bly, Ten Days in a Madhouse)

For ten days, she endured the abdominal regime at Blackwell’s Asylum, until the lawyer, Peter A. Hendricks, came and secured her release.

On Sunday, Oct. 9th, 1887, The New York World published the first of a series of Nellie Bly’s reports, entitled Behind Asylum Bars. The contents shook the nation, and a grand jury was impaneled to investigate the poor treatment taking place on Blackwell’s Island. Bly became an overnight sensation. As the series of damning reports continued, the psychiatrists who had erroneously diagnosed Nellie as insane offered profuse apologies, New York City’s municipal government increased funding for the care of mentally ill patients, and conditions inside the asylum quickly improved. Within a month, more nourishing meals were provided, translators were hired for the foreign-born who were not necessarily mentally ill but simply could not understand their keepers, and the most abusive nurses and physicians were fired and replaced.

Nellie sailed from one journalistic triumph to the next, embarking on a daring trip around the world, in the footsteps of Phileas Fogg, reporting from the Eastern Front during World War I, and championing the women’s suffrage movement. She died of pneumonia in 1922, aged 57. One can only imagine what further triumphs and good deeds this remarkable woman might have achieved had she continued her journalistic career a few years longer.

Delirium – by Emma Rose Millar 

1881
Saint Anne’s Lunatic Asylum, London.

One woman whose secret has driven her to the brink of insanity; another who claims she can tell fortunes and communicate with the dead. With seemingly no way out – and everything at stake – only one of them has the tenacity to survive.

Lies, murder, obsession… Delirium.

Find Delirium on Amazon

Author Bio 

Emma Rose Millar was born in Birmingham – a child of the seventies. She is a single mum and lives with her young son. Emma left school at sixteen and later studied for an Open University degree in Humanities with English Literature. She has had a variety of jobs including chocolatier, laboratory technician and editorial assistant for a magazine, but now works part-time as an interpreter.

Emma writes historical fiction and children’s picture books. She won the Legend category of the Chaucer Awards for Historical Fiction, with FIVE GUNS BLAZING in 2014. Her novella THE WOMEN FRIENDS: SELINA, based on the work of Gustav Klimt and co-written with author Miriam Drori was published in 2016 by Crooked Cat Books, and was shortlisted for the Goethe Award for Late Historical Fiction. Her third novel, DELIRIUM, a Victorian ghost story, will be published in 2018, also by Crooked Cat Books. It was shortlisted for the Chanticleer Paranormal Book Awards in 2017.

Emma is an avid fan of live music and live comedy and enjoys skating, yoga, and making pretty things.

Follow Emma Rose Millar on Twitter

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On Goodreads

 

Filed Under: Historical Authors Across Time

Politics, Plots, and Witchcraft-Stories of the Seventeenth Century

July 29, 2018 by Cynthia Ripley Miller Leave a Comment

Today on Historical Authors Across Time, Kate Braithwaite writes about the history, drama, and events of the seventeenth century. I’m so pleased to have her as a guest.

Discovering the Seventeenth Century

With plots and counterplots, royal marriages and infidelities, war and witchcraft, the seventeenth century has it all.

As a life-long reader of all kinds of fiction I always kind of had the idea that I would write a novel one day, but it was a hazy concept. I’ve read a lot of crime fiction and literary fiction and a wealth of historical novels too, but not with any emphasis on any particular period. And while I wanted to write, I really didn’t know what I wanted to write about.

The Affair of the Poisons

That changed when I came across a copy of The Sun King by Nancy Mitford. I had just had my first child and was in need of some non-fiction to give my brain a stretch.  In Mitford’s book I learned about the Affair of the Poisons that consumed Paris and the court of Louis XIV in the late 1670’s. It was wonderful stuff – courtiers living in the opulence of Versailles but working hand-in-glove with the fortune-tellers, poisoners and abortionists of the Parisian underworld. A huge investigation took place, hundreds were arrested and the scandal reached right to the King’s bedchamber when prisoners implicated Louis’ glamorous long-term mistress Athénaïs, Madame de Montespan. After a lot of research, writing and re-writing, this story would become my first novel, Charlatan.

 

The Popish Plot

While working on that project, I came across some equally strange and concerning events taking place in London, at the exact same time. I had never heard of Titus Oates but when his name cropped up I took a little research side trip and learned that this previously unknown preacher caused chaos in England’s capital with false claims of a Catholic conspiracy to assassinate Charles II. My second novel, The Road to Newgate, gets up close and personal with Titus Oates, one of the most infamous liars in English history, and charts the attempts of a writer, Nat Thompson, to change public opinion about Oates, even as people are arrested and executed on his say-so. It’s very much a crime novel, based on actual historical events of the Popish Plot, but it’s also about the relationships between the 3 narrators of the story: Nat, the determined writer, his young, naïve wife Anne, and their friend William who has a secret connection to Oates that he is afraid to reveal.

Women & Witchcraft

La Voisin

In the process of writing these two stories, I have learned a great deal about the seventeenth century and found that it’s a fantastic period full of potential stories just waiting to be written. It’s also just far enough back in history to be a world that feels very different from ours. In the early modern period, for example, women’s lives were starkly different: job opportunities were limited, as was access to education or rights to their own money and property. Women’s subservience to men was firmly part of religious teaching. Superstition influenced everyone’s lives, particularly in approaches to health care. In the seventeenth century, people still believed in the Hippocratic principle that four humours – black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood – needed to be balanced in order for a person to be in good health. The medical profession was the province of readers of Latin (largely men) but through tradition and folklore, many people relied on herbal medicine and rituals that seem nonsensical nowadays. In the new world in America and the old in Europe, superstition was challenged with cries of witch-hunt.

The Early Modern Period

Charles II-James II

Yet institutions we recognize today were developing. Political parties were forming in Britain and the upheaval that took place throughout the period resulted in the constitutional monarchy that continues to this day. This was, after all, the century when the British beheaded King Charles I, restored his son, Charles II and then rebelled against his brother James II when he inherited the crown. Literacy exploded and political and religious differences dominated the news sheets as well as consuming London society. People, however, although holding different beliefs and understanding of the world than we do now, were in many ways the same as they are now. Trial transcripts, diaries, letters and contemporary books and pamphlets reveal their voices and concerns and are fascinating sources for fiction writers.

THE ROAD TO NEWGATE – book blurb
What price justice? London 1678. Titus Oates, an unknown preacher, creates panic with wild stories of a Catholic uprising against Charles II. The murder of a prominent Protestant magistrate appears to confirm that the Popish Plot is real. Only Nathaniel Thompson, writer and Licenser of the Presses, instinctively doubts Oates’s revelations. Even his young wife, Anne, is not so sure. And neither know that their friend William Smith has personal history with Titus Oates.
When Nathaniel takes a public stand, questioning the plot and Oates’s integrity, the consequences threaten them all.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Kate Braithwaite was born and grew up in Edinburgh, Scotland. Her first novel, Charlatan, was longlisted for the Mslexia New Novel Award and the Historical Novel Society Award. Kate lives in Pennsylvania with her husband and three children.
Website
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Buy the book: mybook.to/theroadtonewgate

Filed Under: Historical Authors Across Time Tagged With: 17th century, history, politics, witchcraft

Mithraism in Ancient Rome: A Soldier’s Religion

June 27, 2018 by Cynthia Ripley Miller 3 Comments

Today, I would like to welcome author, Pam Allegretto. She’s this month’s guest blogger at Historical Authors Across Time, talking about the god, Mithras, and Mithraism in ancient Rome. Learn more about Pamela at the end of this post.

 

While conducting research for my World War 2 novel Bridge of Sighs and Dreams,I wanted to incorporate some of the ancient underground caverns used by the Resistance to smuggle Italian Jews out of Rome in order to avoid Nazi arrests. The caverns that most interested me were those created by the Worshippers of Mithras.

Mithras
The god Mithras

Who was Mithras?

Mithras is the Latin (and Greek) form of the name of an ancient Iranian god, Mithra. Mithraism began to spread throughout the Roman Empire in the first century AD.
Mithraism’s strongest appeals were its doctrines of the immortality of the soul, the resurrection of the body, and the belief that through Mithra’s help, the faithful would reach heaven. However, the key “secrets” of this “mystery cult” are unknown, as no written sources by members survive. It has been determined that the faithful pledged good moral conduct and brotherly respect regardless of social standing. Slaves and manual laborers might stand higher in the congregation than the aristocracy. Mithraism began as the religion of the poor and servile classes until the second century AD when it was taken up by the Imperial Court and educated classes. Members of the Roman army comprised a large portion of the membership, (some refer to Mithraism as the “soldier’s religion”). As a seemingly all-inclusive religion, Mithraism lacked one large demography: women.

Temples of Worship

Temples of Mithras (Mithraeum) were dug below ground or converted from natural caves. Mithraic temples were common throughout the Roman Empire where Roman legions had been stationed, with considerable numbers found in Rome, Ostia, Numidia, Dalmatia, Britain, and along the Rhine/Danube frontier. In addition, Mithraic temple ruins have been discovered in Greece, Egypt, and Syria.

Because the Mithraic Temples were built underground, their contents and rich iconography have remained well preserved. In every Mithraeum the centerpiece was a representation of Mithras killing a sacred bull: an act called the tauroctony. The image may be either a relief or a freestanding statue with or without accompanying iconography. Mithras is always depicted clothed in Anatolian costume and wearing a Phrygian cap, kneeling on the bull and holding it by the nostrils with his left hand, while stabbing it with his right. As he does so, he looks over his shoulder away from the bull. In some wall iconography, Mithras faces toward the figure of Sol. There are contradictory schools of thought as to the meaning of the tauroctony. One is that the figures represent characters out of Iranian mythology; another premise is that the characters are a series of stars and constellations.

Christianity and Mithraism

It is believed that the rise of Christianity doomed Mithraism due partly to the elaborate initiation rites that limited its numbers of adherents, and to its exclusion of women. Emperor Constantine merged Mithraism with Christianity. Even though he declared himself a Christian, he maintained his ties to the Mithra cult. He retained the title “Pontifus Maximus”the high priest. On his coins were inscribed: “Sol Invicto comiti” which means, “committed to the invincible sun.” This new blend of the two faiths, he officially proclaimed as Christianity.

To read more about this fascinating religion, I recommend: The Origins of the Mithraic Mysteries by David Ulansey, and Life in Ancient Rome by F.R. Cowell. Further information and excellent photographs of Mithraic iconography can be found online at the Wikipedia free encyclopedia.

Bridge of Sighs and Dreams by Pamela Allegretto

Nazi-occupied Rome sets the stage for Bridge of Sighs and Dreams, where the lives of two women collide in an arena of deception, greed, and sacrifice.
Following an allied attack, Angelina Rosini flees to Rome from her bombed-out village and a ruthless Nazi officer bent on revenge. In Rome, the spirited portrait artist channels her creativity into the art of survival for herself and her young daughter. Unwilling to merely endure, and armed with ingenuity, wit, and unyielding optimism, she enters the shadow world of the Resistance where she zigzags through a labyrinth of compassionate allies and cunning spies.

Meanwhile, Lidia Corsini quenches her lust for power and wealth by turning in Jews to the Nazi Police attaché with whom she has formed an alliance. Her spiral into immorality accelerates as swiftly as the Jewish population dwindles, and soon neither her husband nor her son is immune to her madness.

Once Angelina discovers the consequences of Lidia’s greed, she conspires to put an end to the treacheries; but in doing so, she becomes the target of Lidia’s most sinister plot.

Bridge of Sighs and Dreams is a story of betrayal, dignity, and purpose that highlights the brutality toward Italian citizens, under both Mussolini’s Fascist regime and the Nazi occupation, and illustrates the tenacity of the human spirit.

About Pamela Allegretto

In addition to her historical fiction: Bridge of Sighs and Dreams, Pamela’s traditionally published books include L’Alba di Domani, and Immaginiboth are dual-language poetry books written in collaboration with Luciano Somma, two-time winner of Italy’s Silver Medal of the President of the Republic. Her translations are included in four other dual-language poetry books. Her writing has appeared in Italian literary journals that include: The English Anthology of The Italian-Australian Writer’s Literary Academy, Omero, La Mia Isola, and Poeti Nella Societa`.Her art is collected worldwide.

Pamela’s Social Media

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Facebook

@PamAllegretto

Links for Purchase

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Filed Under: Historical Authors Across Time Tagged With: ancient rome, gods, history

Strong Women in Historical Fiction

October 30, 2017 by Cynthia Ripley Miller 2 Comments

I’ve been fortunate to have many adventures in my life. I think it’s because I’ve always had a sense of curiosity, bravado, and sometimes impulsive ‘leap before you think’ behaviors. All I can say is that I’ve been lucky because some of my actions had the potential for not so pleasant and even dangerous outcomes.

More women in this modern era have been influenced by a new strain of thinking most likely fueled by education, feminism, and women’s rights. We wanted the vote and to wear pants and at one time to smoke in public. We’ve risen in the workplace while taking care of children and family. We’ve gone after pursuits that intrigue and challenge us as well.

Heroines in History and Historical Fiction

It only seems natural that heroines in today’s literature reflect our personal goals, passions, and values, but what about in the historical romance fiction being written today? In past history, most of our former sisters were not as fortunate as women are today when we consider freedoms. And yet, many found ways to express themselves and step outside of some stringent societal norms created for them.

When I created my heroine, Arria, I knew first, she had to reflect her Latin nature. Although to some degree stereotypical, many Mediterranean people are known for having passionate or fiery natures, especially in regard to feelings like love, hate, friendship etc., and so I chose to have Arria show temper at times, intense loyalty, and a deep sense of love for the hero and her friends. Her upbringing has been unconventional. She’s an only child raised by her senator father and educated beyond the domestic arts. She’s also accomplished in diplomacy. In creating my heroine and other female characters, I reflected on the lives of some passionate, intelligent, and well-known women in history who operated outside of social boundaries.

Cleopatra

The beautiful queen, Cleopatra—she lost a kingdom and her life partially for her love of Antony.

Marie Antoinette, known for her frivolous nature and extra-marital affairs,

Marie Antoinette

proved loyal to her husband, Louis XVI. She would not leave his side when given the opportunity to flee Paris and escape the growing revolution.

Mary Shelley

Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, the author of Frankenstein married Percy Bysshe Shelley, passionate and determined, even in the face of public hostility over their marriage.

Passion and Strength

In many historically set novels, a romance drives the plot. To my thinking, passion represents a force. I might feel passionate about cooking, creating delicious food and enjoying it afterward, but it doesn’t necessarily mean I have the strength of character, grit, bravado, and the ability for shrewd analysis and action, especially, when I go for that second cupcake! In addition to Arria’s passionate nature, I also wanted her to possess strengths that I’ve seen in others and at times in myself. I knew she must grow and mature through challenge and hardship and the events and situations that can contribute to making us stronger, more determined, but in some cases, break and wound us. A strong heroine may suffer inwardly and even outwardly, but she will ‘lick her wounds,’ rise up and persevere.

Hester Prynne

Historical fiction has given us some special heroines with these qualities that I, and many others, admire. My favorite is Hester Prynne. I fell in love with her in high school when I read the Scarlet Letter. I thought Hawthorne to be very brave for his time period by writing such a wounded and flawed heroine, but also one who rose up and overcame her adversity. Although Hester has an illegitimate child and is persecuted for it and forced to wear a scarlet A for adulteress, she manages to persevere with dignity and strength.

Jane Eyre

Another woman, striving to live life as best she can in the social class she was born into, is Jane Eyre. She is steadfast, loyal, smart, and ethical. She shines in the dark gothic world that surrounds her.

Lastly, this list wouldn’t be complete without Elizabeth Bennet. The heroine of

Elizabeth Bennet

Pride and Prejudice is known worldwide. Her independent nature, intelligence and playful manner contrast her strong will and romantic reticence toward the distant and proud Mr. Darcy. Yet, she isn’t too proud to admit she is wrong in her initial opinion of him and follow her heart.

In the world of books, movies, poetry and plays, new heroines are emerging—confident, intelligent, passionate, and strong. Women possessing these qualities have always existed but through time their actions have not been recorded, especially in more ancient eras, and most often have been overshadowed by their male counterparts. Today, more historical and historical romance authors are choosing to write about powerful heroines, real and imagined, and elevating them to levels where they truly belong. It’s a good day!

 

 

 

 

Filed Under: Writing Historical Romance

Ancient Roman Board Games

May 10, 2017 by Cynthia Ripley Miller

What would the modern person do if television, the movies, Social Media, sports, and music events didn’t exist?  Chances are we might spend our time playing more board games just like the ancient Romans.

The ancient Romans loved board games.

Some of the more common board games played by ancient Romans were dice, knucklebones, marbles, and a form of checkers, chess, tic-tac-toe, and backgammon.

Let ‘em roll!

Dice (Tesserae) was a gambling game.  Players rolled the dice and bet on the results. Roman dice were different from modern dice in that the numbers on any two opposite sides added up to seven.  Like today, dice were shaken in a cup and tossed onto a table. People also placed bets. Paintings found on ancient Roman walls show that they played with three dice.

Tali is the Latin name for knucklebones, and the Greeks called them Astragaloi. ‘Like most Roman and Greek games, tali was first played in ancient Egypt,’ and were discovered in ancient Egyptian tombs. The first pieces were made from the knucklebones of sheep and goats, but the Romans also made them from marble, wood, glass, precious metals and gems. When the tali are tossed ‘each fall on one of four sides’ resembling the modern game of dice.

The game of marbles called Nux ‘nuts’ originates with the pagan Roman feast of Saturnalia (Winter Solstice), which was eventually replaced by Christmas in Christianized late ancient Rome. People would give each other bags filled with nuts and marbles. Children loved playing Nux and there are references by Roman writers to the game. One account speaks of how the emperor Romulus Augustus ‘played the game as a child.’ The rules of the game have been lost, but some form of it might be seen in modern European games like ‘Ring Taw’ and ‘Archboard’ which requires a player to roll their marbles at a ‘bridge with nine Roman arches.’ The arches are numbered with a Roman numeral from 1 (I) to 9 (IX) and whichever arch a marble rolls through, the player ‘scores the number of points shown at the top of the arch.’ 45 is the total amount of points required to win. Marbles were most often made of clay, stone or glass.

Get on board—Squares, Grids, and Spaces.

The Romans played a form of checkers where the player had to get 5 stones in a row to win and games that involved moving ‘pebbles from one square to another in a grid.’ Evidence of these grids has been found ‘scratched into floor stones and floor tiles all over the Roman Empire, in houses, and by guardhouses, and in amphitheaters, wherever men or women, boys or girls, had some time to waste.’

They also played a game called Latrunculi a Roman form of chess. It used a board made either of wood, marble, stone, or silver, and black and white army pieces that fight it out. There was also another game similar to chess called Pebbles because you could use anything as a piece. The goal was to advance square by square and surround your opponent’s pieces with two of your own ‘either vertically or horizontally or diagonally.’

A game played in ancient Rome and close to tic-tac-toe is known as Rota meaning ‘wheel.’ Rota boards could be easily ‘scratched or scribbled’ anywhere where Romans went. It’s a three-in-a-row game like tic-tac-toe but different in that it cannot end in a tie. Another game also similar to tic-tac-toe from the first century BC was called Terni Lapilli. This form used three playing pieces that had to be moved into empty spaces. ‘Grid markings have been found chalked all over Rome.’

Lastly, a board game that any class of Romans could play was called Lucky Sixes. In each column/row there were six figures that resembled numbers, letters, or even pictures. When put together, they formed a philosophical phrase or joke. Lucky Sixes resembles the modern game of Backgammon because players started at the opposite side of the board and threw dice or sticks ‘to move pieces to their opponent’s side.’

A world without games is no fun at all!

Even in the ancient world, and not just the Roman Empire, man enjoyed sporting pastimes and games. Playing games was most likely a pleasant escape from the job of daily survival. On a hot sunny day under a merchant’s awning or in an icy-cold barracks, a game of marbles or dice must have added to life, and especially if there was money to be won. Bingo!

 

Pete Di Primo, Ancient Rome; K.E. Carr, ‘Roman Dice Games, Quatr.com; ‘The Origin of the Game of Marbles’ magwv.com; Boardgames.lovetoknow.com; Mental floss.com;Praetorian.com; Tic-Tac-Toe Wikipedia.com

Filed Under: Ancient Rome and France Tagged With: ancient rome, board games

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